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Personne · 1768–1844

Trained as a lawyer, was a member of the French legislature and accompanied his brother, Napoleon I, on military campaigns. He held diplomatic posts before and after his brother’s coup in 1799, including negotiating the Treaty of Amiens with Britain in 1802. He was made king of Naples by Napoleon in 1806, where he reformed justice, landowning, finance, and education, but in 1808 was ordered by Napoleon to become king of Spain. There his reforms were resisted and he was heavily dependent on French troops and advisers.