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Ruled 1826-8 and 1834-53.

Son of Lucien Bonaparte. Officer and Deputy of Corsica in the Constituent Assembly.

Major general in the Austrian army.

Half-sister of Queen Victoria and wife of Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

In 1836 married Queen Maria II of Portugal and following Portuguese law, only acquired the title of King after the birth of their son in 1837.

Emperor of Brazil (1822–31).

Irish politician and writer.

Scottish author, biographer and historian.

Author and traveler. Her first book, the anonymous Aunt Dorothy's Tales (1837), was followed by Rambles in the South of Ireland (1839), of which the first edition sold out in a few weeks. After this she published extensively.

American historian and Hispanist, widely recognized by historiographers to have been the first American scientific historian.

Born at Brescello in the duchy of Modena (then part of the Cisalpine Republic). In March 1856 Panizzi became head of the British Museum when he was promoted principal librarian to succeed Sir Henry Ellis.

Antiquary and banker.

Headmaster at Eton.

1st and last duchess of Inverness .

French judge and politician.

The first monthly issue of Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country appeared in February 1830.

Bolívar was active in the Latin-American independence movement from 1808 onwards. Although his military career was not without its failures, he succeeded in driving the Spanish from Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador; Upper Peru was named Bolivia in his honour.

In 1827 he became professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy, a post he held until his death. During his forty-year career he created about 275 works and early on distinguished himself as a leading sculptor of civic and national monuments.